When looking at all the different ways Othello is depicted by these characters, it seems fair to assume that Othello is a racist play. In fact, his own wife continuously highlights his outsider status by often referring to him as “the Moor.” 5 While this method of othering is not as explicit or, perhaps, even intentional, it constantly draws attention to the fact that Othello is foreign and ethnically distinct from everyone else, in turn making it seem he is out of place. Furthermore, it is important to note that the othering of Othello does not only take shape in the degradation of his character. As a result, the negative feelings they hold toward Othello cannot be untied from their own racial prejudices. Yet, it is impossible to ignore that these descriptions specifically pinpoint and almost exclusively use his race as the means to degrade him. Therefore, it could be argued that their degrading descriptions of Othello are shaped by their already negative views of him. It is important to acknowledge, however, that Roderigo and Iago (and Brabantio later on), hold respective grudges against Othello Roderigo because he is in love with Desdemona and Iago because he was not promoted. There is also a way in which he seems highly predatory, which is then maintained later on when he is described as “lascivious Moor.” 4 All of these characteristics become intrinsically tied to his skin color, as it is continuously labored: “ black ram,” “ Barbary horse,” “lascivious Moor.” In both cases, such imagery makes Othello seem extremely primal and uncivilized, unable to control his baser, sexual instincts. He tells Brabantio “An old black ram/ is tupping your white ewe,” stretching this animalistic imagery even further when he says, “You’ll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse you’ll have/ Your nephews neigh to you you’ll have coursers for/ Cousins, and small jennets for germans.” 2 ’ 3 Interestingly, in the first description, both Desdemona and Othello are likened to animals, however, in the second, there is a real sense of bestiality. 1 This hypersexual nature of Othello is then emphasized by animalistic imagery, repeatedly used by Iago to describe intercourse between Othello and Desdemona. This is clear, for example, when Roderigo calls Othello “the thick lips,” not only reducing him to a racialized physical attribute, taking away his subjectivity as a whole person, but also alluding to his hypersexual nature, as lips, especially big lips, are often a symbol of sexuality. Throughout Act I, scene i, Othello’s physicality is characterized by Roderigo and Iago and is largely dependent on animalistic and sexualized imagery. Perhaps the most obvious instances of Othello’s othering are in physical descriptions. This becomes increasingly clear when looking at descriptions of Othello, how he is perceived by himself and others, and perhaps more importantly, the implications embedded within the notions of lightness and darkness. When looking further into the play, it is without question that in the binary of the “ideal” and the “other,” the poles are not only separated by skin color or physical attributes, but also by what these phenotypic differences represent. When looking at Othello, it becomes clear that he is characterized as a kind of “other.” Of course, the “other” cannot exist alone but must be defined in relation to something else, to an ideal. That said, Shakespeare makes explicit racial distinctions, many of which echo and build upon notions of racial inferiority that have been more or less consistent throughout history. Today, race relations and what it means to be black or white, especially in the United States, holds a social and cultural weight that is specific to a certain history, one that occurred years after the Renaissance. Context here is paramount, as one should not project a modern day sensibility of race onto Shakespeare’s work. Othello is an invaluable piece of Renaissance literature, as it deals with and gives insight into perceptions of race and racial difference that were contextually relevant to the time period.
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“Earth Mama” (A24, theaters): This acclaimed debut from Savannah Leaf focuses on a woman, single and pregnant with two kids in foster care, trying to reclaim her family in the Bay Area. “Biosphere” (IFC, theaters and VOD): Mark Duplass and Sterling K. “The Lesson” (Bleecker Street, theaters): A young novelist helps an acclaimed author in this thriller with Richard E. “Joy Ride” (Lionsgate, theaters): Adele Lim directs this raucous comedy about a friends trip to China to find someone’s birth mother, starring Ashley Park, Stephanie Hsu, Sherry Cola and Sabrina Wu. “Insidious: The Red Door” (Sony, theaters): Patrick Wilson and Rose Byrne are back to scare everyone in the fifth edition. Keep scrolling for more info and review links for May and June’s releases. Here’s a month-by-month guide to this summer’s new movies. 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ABOVE PHOTO: THIS COMBINATION OF PHOTOS SHOWS PROMOTIONAL ART FOR FILMS, top row from left, “Barbie,” “Blue Beetle,” “Book Club: The Next Chapter,” “Every Body,” “The Flash,” second row from left, “Guardians of the Galaxy, Volume 3,” “Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny,” “The Little Mermaid,” “Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part I,” “Oppenheimer,” bottom row from left, “Past Lives,” “Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken,” “Talk To Me,” “White Men Can’t Jump,” and “You Hurt My Feelings.” (Warner Bros., Warner Bros., Focus Features, Focus Features, Warner Bros., Marvel Studios, LucasFilms, Disney, Paramount, Universal, A24, Universal, A24, 20th Century Studios and A24 via AP) Many websites offer cracked versions of Microsoft Office 2019, but you will have to find a source that is both reliable and trustworthy. As soon as you enter the product key, you will be directed to get the preferred Microsoft Office product. Before downloading the file, you will have to enter the product key. 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In addition, Pliny never traveled to Egypt, so he would have no way to definitively understand the process.ĭespite this lack of documentation, we are fairly certain that we know the general steps taken to create the material. (6) Although his description is detailed, there are a few aspects that do not align with what we have observed in remnants of ancient documents. The most complete description of the preparation that remains is from Pliny’s Natural History. There are very few remaining documentations from Egypt about the process. To this day, we are not entirely positive how the ancient Egyptians produced their papyrus sheets. Despite Egypt’s generally arid climate, these conditions were found in the marshes of the Nile Delta and in the “low-lying areas fringing the Nile Valley.” (2) The papyrus stalks were thin yet strong, topped by “feathery umbels ending in small brown fruit-bearing flowers.” (2) How Papyrus was Made The papyrus plant needed fresh water or water-saturated earth to grow. From these “germs of creation,” the Egyptians extracted the material on which they could create and record for millennia. The papyrus plant was a symbol of rebirth. Papyrus marshes were thus seen as fecund, fertile regions that contained the germs of creation. "In ancient Egyptian cosmology, the world was created when the first god stood on a mound that emerged from limitless and undifferentiated darkness and water, a mythical echo of the moment each year when the land begins to reappear from beneath the annual floodwaters. As Janice Kamrin of the Department of Egyption Art at the Metropolitan Museum of art once wrote, The papyrus plant was very important to the ancient Egyptians. (4) This material, papyrus, would remain in use for longer than any other material in the history of written documents. Around 3000 BC, the Egyptians would revolutionize the literary world by producing a smooth, flexible writing material that could accept and retain ink without a blur or smudge. (4) These clay fragments were also used by many in Egypt and across Europe. The first documented material, clay, was used heavily the river plains of of Mesopotamia, where many believe writing was born. Over the course of thousands of years, different materials and literary forms dominated in distinct regions and eras. The development of writing has been a been a long process based on experimentation and a cycle of new methods gradually replacing the old. This piece serves to highlight the role of papyrus in the development of writing, documentation, and literature as we now know it. Lastly, I will describe my experiences with papyrus in order to provide my insight into its quality as a writing surface. I will first explain the general history of the material, followed by a brief explanation of how we now believe rolls of papyrus were constructed. In the following post, I will discuss papyrus and its function in the history of writing and documentation. |
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